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OPINION: Four Strategies to Help Airlines Manage and Mitigate Supply Risks

While it may be an understatement to say that the airline industry is exposed to volatility, it is fair to say that the latter half of the last decade was a time of relative plenty. The COVID-19 pandemic and its cataclysmic impact on demand swiftly reversed that. But now, as demand recovers, the after-effects of the pandemic and a confluence of macro factors create the next major headwind for the world’s airlines: supply challenges.

These supply challenges run the gambit. They include major, long-lead items like suspended or delayed aircraft deliveries and a now substantial pilot shortage that has been acutely felt in the US. The industry also faces more tactical, albeit slightly less painful, challenges when it comes to hiring airport workers, securing outsourced heavy maintenance slots, and keeping spare parts inventories appropriately stocked.

Some issues are familiar, and some even predictable—like the latest upward spiral in oil prices—while others appear unexpectedly in the form of a cardstock shortage that has disrupted the process of printing boarding passes, and even a shortage of galley carts. These supply issues represent a risk that is both material and far-reaching—all at a time when demand seems primed to return and radical capacity growth is part of virtually every carrier’s plan in 2022.

The first-order impact will be on the price of inputs—such as oil, labor, and aircraft lease rates—which translates into cost for the airline and a combination of higher airfare (to the extent passengers will pay) and profit pressure (to the extent passengers won’t pay). But the magnitude of these issues goes beyond price, manifesting in true shortages and stockouts. Take jet fuel, for example. Last summer, airports in the Western US experienced an unfortunate combination of leisure-demand fueled growth, low fuel inventories, and a shortage of tanker truck drivers. Not only did the price of jet fuel spike, but some airports in places like Montana, Wyoming, and Utah ran out of fuel completely. Airlines were forced to start tankering (where inbound flights carry enough fuel for the return leg).

But this was not possible everywhere, and in places that it wasn’t, airlines were forced to cancel flights despite a robust revenue environment. One can observe this effect in a more systemic way, illustrated by gaps in regional pilot supply; in a Senate testimony in December 2021, United Airlines stated that, with their partners, they parked nearly 100 regional jets due to a lack of pilots. We also expect to see the impact of lengthy delays in aircraft deliveries this summer when most carriers are flying peak schedules and high trans-Atlantic capacity puts widebodies in the spotlight. In the end, it will be shortfalls in capacity that drive the greatest impact in the form of lost revenue and lost strategic opportunity—not direct cost pressures.

It is tempting to point out that these structural factors are impacting other industries—from grocery retail to auto manufacturing. Traditional forecasting and risk management tools have been rendered obsolete by the confluence of post-pandemic macro forces. But airlines can take positive action to manage and mitigate these risks. Based on extensive research and learnings from client engagements, Boston Consulting Group has identified four strategies for airlines to consider:

Share Risk

There is always strength in numbers. In this context, that can take several forms. The first is deeper, gainsharing partnerships with suppliers to jointly fund and protect supply. Another example is the recent proliferation of pilot training programs and financial incentives between US major airlines and their regional partners.

Secondly, carriers, vendors, and even third parties can build robust secondary markets that allow airlines to trade things more efficiently like heavy maintenance slots or expand parts-pooling programs.

Finally, and in its most extreme form, airlines could look to acquire key suppliers, such as Delta’s ownership stake in a refinery, or expand in-house capabilities for things like heavy maintenance or uniform production. Other industries have proven these strategies effective: US pharmaceutical companies maintain a jointly funded stockpile of essential drug ingredients, and third-party solutions have emerged in ocean shipping to better match supply and demand for containers.

Radical Transparency

Today, supply chains are better described as supply webs. With so many interconnected elements, increased transparency is an important tool to improve planning and avoid surprises. Airlines should be more proactive and detailed in sharing fleet and capacity plans to help vendors manage potential bottlenecks.

In return, suppliers should voluntarily share their production schedules, confidence in their own supply chains, and early warnings of potential issues. The current silicon chip shortage is a powerful example—the auto industry is suffering most intensely, but that is not a result of their own production volatility.

Rather, the challenge is the result of vendor production issues and increased demand from other sources that have put F-150s in competition with PlayStation 5s for scarce components.

Automated Recommendations

Sophisticated planning and forecasting has been a mainstay of supply chain management for years. AI and big data now afford airlines the opportunity to take this to the next level in both scope and scale.

Computers can help analyze millions of data points and predict problems before they arise—such as sensing supply and demand imbalances early, instantly translating a raw material price spike into a vendor production issue, or recognizing where alternate supply sources are a better alternative.

Increased Flexibility From Within

Whether it be temporary adjustments to labor contracts to permit more agile scheduling, or tighter lead times for functions like network planning and maintenance, increased flexibility can help minimize the effects of supply shocks to boost airline resiliency.

By applying these levers and maintaining a keen eye on critical path sourcing across the business, airlines can manage and mitigate the impacts of systemic supply challenges. Airlines that can do this more effectively than their peers will be rewarded with the capacity to capture pent-up demand that others cannot and, in turn, make strategic gains in share and advantaged access to scarce resources in the years ahead.

Adam Gordon is a Managing Director and Partner at Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and leads the firm’s Airline practice, globally. For over a decade, Adam has advised airlines on shaping high-impact commercial strategies and achieving operational excellence with a balanced focus on cost, reliability, and customer experience. Prior to joining BCG, Adam worked in a leadership role at Qantas Airways, primarily focusing on alliances strategy, loyalty and operational reliability. Currently, he is based in Toronto.

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NetJets Signs eVTOL Purchase Agreement with Lilium

NetJets has signed a purchase agreement for up to 150 six-passenger eVTOL jets being developed by Lilium.

German electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) developer Lilium disclosed a purchase agreement with fractional aircraft operator NetJets during its fiscal year 2021 webcast held earlier this week.

The memorandum of understanding includes purchase rights for up to 150 of the six-passenger eVTOL model being developed by Lilium. The agreement includes related “aftermarket services” as well. In a letter to shareholders announcing their 2021 results, Lilium also notes that they have received strong interest in their electric-jet propulsion technology.

“We therefore will extend our commercial offering to private individuals and business professionals through either direct sales or through a fractional ownership model that we expect to implement through an anticipated collaboration with NetJets,” Lilium said in the letter. “We believe the private and business professional segments will be highly attractive markets and will drive early adoption of eVTOL aircraft.”

NetJets is the latest major business aviation player to sign an agreement with Lilium. Last year, Luxaviation Group signed a partnership agreement with Lilium to become responsible for airline operations of Lilum’s 7-Seater Jet in Europe, including securing approvals and managing pilots.

Lilium hopes to achieve certification from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in 2024 through the Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement (BASA).

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Etihad is Bringing Jeppesen FliteDeck Advisor to Boeing 787 Fleet

Etihad first trialed the use of FliteDeck Advisor as part of its 787 “Greenliner” program. (Boeing)

Etihad Airways is giving pilots of its Boeing 787 fleet a flight optimization tool, Jeppesen’s FliteDeck Advisor, that the Middle East carrier expects to help reduce fuel consumption on a per-flight basis.

FliteDeck Advisor is Jeppesen’s mobile application that is capable of providing pilots with real-time, tail-specific, in-flight advisories to improve flight profile, fuel burn and flight schedules. Etihad, the largest Middle Eastern 787 fleet operator, has been evaluating the use of FliteDeck Advisor ever since it first began collaborating with Boeing on initiatives to improve its fuel savings. The airline’s current fleet includes a total of 39 Boeing 787s.

According to Boeing, the selection comes following an trial period of FliteDeck Advisor on several of its 787s, where the airline found that the technology “delivered cruise fuel savings of 1.4%, saving an average of 350 kilograms of fuel and 1,100 kilograms of CO2 per flight,” the company said in an announcement of the selection by Etihad.

Jeppesen’s FliteDeck Advisor is an EFB application. (Jeppesen)

Sulaiman Yaqoobi, vice president of Flight Operations, Etihad Airways, said the airline has been “very pleased with the fuel and cost savings” they’ve already achieved using the application. “FliteDeck Advisor was tested as part of the Etihad Greenliner program, and it is great to now see it deployed across the 787 fleet, helping Etihad achieve efficiency gains and reduce CO2 emissions,” Yaqoobi said in a statement announcing Etihad’s selection of the FliteDeck Advisor.

Jeppesen describes FliteDeck Advisor as being capable of analyzing “tail-specific” flight performance recommendations that are “superior to those in the flight management computer and flight planning systems.” By analyzing route-specific data relative to the originally filed flight plan, the application considers a wide variety of variables to include fuel burn, time savings and airplane-specific performance metrics such as aircraft degradation.

Etihad 787 pilots also use Jeppesen Crew Rostering and Boeing Wind Updates for crew scheduling, charting and navigation.

“Etihad has been a tremendous partner in advancing sustainable aviation technologies,” Duane Wehking, vice president of Digital Aviation Solutions at Boeing Global Services said in a statement. “We are excited to continue providing them with solutions that help them decarbonize their fleet while meeting their commercial goals.

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The Air Force’s AETC Starts Research on eVTOL Pilot Training Requirements

U.S. Air Force Master Sgt. Timothy Nissen, Air Education and Training Command Detachment 62, takes part in a sortie simulation in a Beta Technologies Alia electric vertical take-off and lift vehicle as part of pre-study battery development effort at Joint Base San Antonio-Kelly Field, Texas Mar. 3, 2022. (U.S. Air Force courtesy photo)

Last month, Detachment 62 of the Air Force’s Air Education and Training Command (AETC) started a research program to define training requirements for piloting electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Joby Aviation provided the first aircraft simulator for the AETC’s research on February 4, and a second eVTOL from BETA technologies was delivered the following week. Steve Ellis, Ph.D., Learning Coordinator for the AETC, spoke with Avionics International in an interview about their research objectives and methods.

In describing the role of the AETC, Dr. Ellis said, “We’re looking at how to best train the first generation of eVTOL pilots.” One initial assumption was that automating eVTOL aircraft would make training easier, but “predictions were all over the map—from a few hours to a few days to a few weeks” to train eVTOL pilots. “That made it very difficult to get an idea of what it would take to actually train a pilot. So our fundamental research is on the learnability of these aircraft systems as they’re configured today, using automation and augmentation.”

The team’s research will focus on how automation feature sets can facilitate learning. Dr. Ellis commented, “I don’t think anyone has looked at it from that standpoint in the past, of how do automation features affect how the aircraft handles for experienced pilots and from the perspective of ab initio—people with absolutely zero pilot experience.” Currently, one flight simulator that is being used has several automated features, including automated cruise control, hovering, and altitude control, and the other flight simulator is more manual. This allows the researchers to analyze the impact of the level of automation on learnability and how long it takes for a pilot to demonstrate competency with (and without) automated or augmented controls.

The AETC received its first aircraft simulator from Joby Aviation to use in its research on eVTOL training requirements. (Photo: AETC)

Measuring the learning curve is one of the key research objectives. “We’re hoping to get a third simulator that has even more automation to see if automation really does make it easier to fly,” said Dr. Ellis. “Our flight testing is scenario-based training and education. We’ll give [the students] a very short but challenging scenario with three take-offs and three landings.”

He described that there is an ideal course within the system set as the standard for where and how a pilot should fly in the given scenario. “What we should see is, with repetition, the difference between a student pilot and an exemplary pilot diminishes. We want to be able to map that out and create a learning curve; for example, by their third flight, errors were reduced by a certain percentage. They were able to fly 50% closer to the target path, or hold airspeed consistently.”

Once the research program has been completed, the results will inform curriculum designers as to how long it takes a new pilot or an experienced pilot to go through transition training and learn to pilot an eVTOL aircraft. Eventually, Dr. Ellis explained, they may look at “how long it takes a rotary-wing pilot to transition to an eVTOL and demonstrate competence as an eVTOL pilot; that is certainly a scenario that the FAA wants us to look at.” From an avionics standpoint, he added, “most of these aircraft are using a Garmin 3000, so they have similar avionics packages, and that contributes to the learnability of the aircraft—how easily pilots adapt to the modern avionics.”

U.S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Ashton Miller from the 37th Training Wing receives instruction from a Beta Technologies contractor as he operates an Alia electric vertical take-off and lift vehicle simulator in preparation for a learnability study at Joint Base San Antonio-Kelly Field, Texas Feb. 16, 2022. Air Education and Training Command’s Detachment 62 has ongoing partnerships with several eVTOL manufacturers, the FAA, NASA, several academic institutions, and the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School. (U.S. Air Force photo / Dan Hawkins)

Along with testing the avionics and the learnability, the AETC will consider educational approaches for learning and training. Dr. Ellis described their approach as “a scenario-based, competency-based approach. Students are not taught hovering in isolation, they do it as part of a bigger mission or a bigger skill set. It’s more naturalistic learning.”

Part of the research includes human evaluation to assess the subjective aspects of the flight, such as observed competency and confidence. There are also several tools used to collect data during testing; one will capture information directly from the simulator, allowing for observation of the pilot’s ability to control the aircraft.

A unique component of this research is that the aircraft are still in the prototype phase while the training and approaches are being developed. “Normally, in the analysis of a learning system, we don’t even start analysis until after the final product is delivered,” Dr. Ellis shared. “This is an opportunity for us to get in on the ground floor and influence not only the training but the policies that surround the training, and provide feedback to the manufacturers on the design from a training perspective. As [eVTOL aircraft] become more and more popular, and pilot demand increases—up to 10,000 a year—what efficiencies can you make to do that easier?” In addition to providing feedback for manufacturers, the team also has the opportunity to inform the FAA’s policy and provide them with useful data.

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NASA Collaboration Sets Out to Define the Future of Air Travel

NASA’s “Sky for All” effort invites collaboration from stakeholders to develop a vision for the future of aviation. Pictured is an illustration of an advanced subsonic aircraft with an Electrified Aircraft Propulsion system. (Photo: NASA)

NASA is now seeking input from various stakeholders in the aviation community to establish a definition for the future of air travel. NASA aims to collaborate in defining what urban air mobility and other types of air travel will look like in 2050—and beyond—in this shared vision, called “Sky for All.” NASA’s Shawn Engelland, the “Sky for All” lead, and Kurt Swieringa, deputy manager for technology of the Air Traffic Management – eXploration project, offered some insights on objectives for the “Sky for All” initiative in an interview with Avionics.

Engelland emphasized the importance of community input in assembling the “Sky for All” vision: “The team was given the mandate to develop a community-supported vision for the future aviation system circa 2045–2050; we were asked to not constrain that vision, and to think big in picturing that future aviation system.” From the beginning, he said, the team knew that significant community input would be necessary in order to encourage their continued support once this vision becomes reality. Engelland described their approach as co-development with the community, including all stakeholders, from those who fly to those that manufacture aircraft. “We’ve been deliberate in trying to structure the vision development efforts to get that community input throughout the process.” The NASA team put together an initial version of the vision based on their understanding of the direction of the aviation industry, incorporating input from previous efforts. Now, the focus is on producing iterations of the vision with community input. “We are getting some really good input from the community,” Engelland shared, “[but] we’re pretty early in the process so we don’t have specific investment strategies to point to.”

Kurt Swieringa added, “The benefit of this community co-development vision is that it helps us define what that end state looks like at the middle of next century, and it allows us to go through the process of connecting the dots from where we are today to what we need to do to get to that future vision.”

The “Sky for All” vision will incorporate ideas from numerous stakeholders into what future aircraft will look like and what operations they will perform. (Photo: NASA Illustration)

One of the things driving the collaboration to develop a “Sky for All” vision is the expectation that in the future, air traffic will increase in both volume and diversity of applications, and there will be increasing diversity of vehicle types. Engelland explained, “If you think of the increasing complexity and diversity of operations, we think it’s going to be really important to have safety thoroughly embedded into the system from the outside,” and that will likely require innovative approaches to integrating safety. The team at NASA also envisions automation playing a bigger role in the future. “The increase in volume, and increase in diversity and complexity kind of demands automation. But automation needs to be applied intelligently and in a way that maintains safety,” he said.

Considering the systems and interactions between components in looking towards the future will be incredibly important, commented Swieringa. “I think what we’re going to see in the future aviation system is much more effective communication of digital data, and the ability to use that data to make decisions that improve the efficiency of operations, such as reducing fuel use and increasing sustainability, but also enabling increased density.”

Once the vision for the future of aviation is defined, some of NASA’s objectives are to identify barriers to achieving that vision, to develop the research questions that will need to be answered, and determine what new capabilities must be created, while keeping safety a top priority. Engelland stated that the transition to fully digital information sharing, and designing a “system of systems” with ubiquitous data sharing, is a key area of capability that needs to be determined.

Swieringa added, “We’re really looking at how these technologies can be brought together and progress to enable a series of use cases.” This includes things like air taxi services as well as publicly beneficial use cases such as firefighting, emergency evacuation, and medical transportation.

The “Sky for All” initiative was created to bring together the numerous research initiatives already taking place and to develop an understanding of the aviation system that exists in the mid-century future. The NASA team is working in coordination with their colleagues at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), who have been pursuing an initiative called “Charting Aviation’s Future: Operations in an Info-Centric National Airspace System (NAS).” This effort focuses specifically on the future of air travel up until the year 2035, in comparison to NASA’s focus on the mid-century timeframe. Shawn Engelland mentioned that NASA and the FAA are in frequent communication to ensure that there is alignment between what the two organizations are envisioning for the future.

NASA first held a soft launch for the “Sky for All” effort in December of 2021 in which they sought input from about 200 stakeholders. Those invited to this initial round of collaboration included traditional flight operators, developers of new aircraft, and manufacturers, including vehicle manufacturers and providers of system solutions like air traffic management systems. The purpose of seeking input in the initial round, according to Kurt Swieringa, was that “we wanted to make sure we tested our processes for receiving data, synthesizing it, and incorporating it into the ‘Sky for All’ vision before we opened it up to a broad audience.” With the recent announcement from NASA, said Engelland, “we’re now welcoming input from anyone who has thoughts to share about the future aviation system.”

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Combat Mission Flight Test Demonstrates Manned-Unmanned Teaming Technology From BAE Systems

BAE Systems and the Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense’s Strategic Capabilities Office successfully performed a flight test that demonstrated use of advanced manned-unmanned teaming technology in completing a combat mission. (Photo: BAE Systems)

In conjunction with the Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense’s Strategic Capabilities Office, defense and aerospace company BAE Systems performed a successful flight test demonstrating advanced manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) technology. The test took place at a Department of Defense flight test range and involved real mission sensors on a manned military fighter aircraft and multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Together, the UAVs autonomously executed tactics to complete a combat mission, and BAE Systems’ Human Machine Interface was utilized by the aviator to monitor the progress of the mission.

The main objective of this flight test was to demonstrate “collaborative mission execution in an operationally representative environment,” according to the company’s announcement. Vice President and General Manager of Controls and Avionics Solutions at BAE Systems, Ehtisham Siddiqui, stated: “The development of autonomous technology is crucial to protect our warfighters against emerging threats. This flight test demonstrates our team’s commitment to accelerate the deployment of reliable and innovative manned-unmanned teaming solutions for mission success.”

In December 2021, BAE Systems entered into a joint study with Embraer’s Defense & Security team; the study set out to explore defense applications for the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft produced by Eve, a subsidiary of Embraer. Engineers from BAE Systems’ Air sector would coordinate with their counterparts at Embraer to research the possibility of using a defense variant of Eve’s eVTOL for applications such as transporting personnel, surveillance, and disaster relief.

Earlier in 2021, the BAE Systems-Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) team was awarded a contract from the Air Force to provide a prototype for the next-generation open architecture signals intelligence technology. This contract continued the Air Force’s Global High-altitude Open-system Sensor Technology (GHOST) program in addition to BAE Systems’ developments in adaptive signals intelligence products.

BAE Systems’ Human Machine Interface, which was used in this recent flight test, “was developed through extensive virtual and constructive simulation testing with assistance from pilots and electronic warfare officers,” according to BAE Systems. The company has two decades of experience in developing autonomous flight control systems which informed their development of the MUM-T technology used in the flight test. The underlying algorithms of the MUM-T suite “enable decentralized autonomous decision-making at the tactical edge, allowing the architecture to be easily adapted for new missions and incorporate future technology,” the announcement revealed.

Beyond performing the recent flight test, the DOD and BAE Systems will continue to work together for subsequent flight tests, and BAE Systems will invest in additional capabilities in order to increase the operational readiness of its MUM-T technology. In the next phase, flight tests will serve to demonstrate MUM-T integration on another manned aircraft type plus another unmanned platform in the execution of a different mission.

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Aviation Consultant Alan Lim Talks Advanced Air Mobility in Asia Pacific

Alan Lim from Alton Aviation Consultancy discussed his perspective on the eVTOL market in Asia Pacific and the development of AAM in the region. (Photo: Alton Aviation)

Alan Lim, the Engagement Manager for Alton Aviation Consultancy, shared his perspective on advanced air mobility (AAM) development in the Asia-Pacific region during a recent interview with Avionics International. Lim is an experienced aviation professional who previously worked for Singapore Airlines as a pioneer member of the airline’s Business Transformation team. Lim offers multiple insights into the unique advantages and challenges of integrating AAM in Asia Pacific, and he also discusses some of the key players in the world of AAM.

The four developments that Lim sees as critical to the AAM industry and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles are aircraft certification, infrastructure, commercial viability, and technology. Certification of eVTOLs and other AAM vehicles is happening in the next few years, Lim said. “We’ll especially see some of the cities in Asia Pacific trying to get to the forefront of this and bringing aircraft to market as soon as possible.”

As far as infrastructure, “What we see is that a lot of different companies in the space are trying to work with different partners to get the necessary vertiport infrastructure into place and utilize existing airports. As eVTOLs get certified, the infrastructure has to come as well,” Lim explained. Skyports, he mentioned, announced during the recent Singapore Airshow that they are going to work with local authorities to explore the possibility of using the Seletar Aerospace Park in Singapore as an AAM hub for the region.

There are numerous companies and organizations working with regulators to develop a concept of operations for AAM in the Asia-Pacific region and in particular for eVTOL aircraft manufacturing to become a viable, sustainable business model. Some of the components necessary for a concept of operations are route planning, flight operations, safety management, and sales and marketing, according to Lim.

The fourth area of key development that Lim described was technological advancement. There are various startups constantly releasing new designs for AAM, including improvements to battery technology and electric propulsion technology. Developments in AAM technology along with the other three areas previously mentioned “will be critical to making AAM a reality and helping OEMs get their vehicles to market,” Lim said.

Alan Lim named Volocopter as one of the more prolific AAM companies advancing eVTOL services in Asia Pacific. Volocopter has a memorandum of understanding in place with Skyports to develop infrastructure for air taxis, and the company is working towards a 2024 launch date. Volocopter recently announced that it plans to begin by offering tourist flights, and eventually “to connect to other cities in the region, for example, in Indonesia, or even Malaysia,” said Lim. It will likely be one of the first AAM OEMs to commercially launch services in Singapore. “Two other regions with similar plans to launch AAM services are South Korea and Japan,” he added.

Three other companies with competitive strategies for AAM in Asia Pacific are EHang, Eve Mobility (a subsidiary of Embraer), and Vertical Aerospace. EHang, a Chinese company, has received orders to provide aircraft for sightseeing and charter flights. Similarly, Eve has received orders for aircraft intended for tourist operations in Australia, with a goal of beginning flights in 2025–2026, Lim remarked. “Vertical Aerospace has received orders from AirAsia and Japan Airlines for about 100 aircraft each, and that has put them at the forefront with the number of orders they have gotten from customers, he said.

According to Alan Lim, the key players in the eVTOL space in Asia Pacific are Volocopter, EHang, Eve Air Mobility, and Vertical Aerospace. (Photo: Alton Aviation)

There are both unique challenges as well as advantages of bringing AAM to the Asia-Pacific markets. “The region is home to most of the globe’s busiest and congested cities like Tokyo, Seoul, Manila, Beijing, et cetera.” Asia Pacific is well positioned for use cases targeted by the OEMs—particularly urban air mobility and air taxis making short trips. In addition, regulators in Singapore, Australia, Japan, and South Korea are all very supportive of AAM development and are interested in cooperation with their North American counterparts to determine certification for different types of aircraft as well as necessary regulations and infrastructure to support operations. Since Singapore doesn’t have urban congestion to the same degree as other countries in the region, it can be used “as a showcase for some of these new concepts and technologies, for tour operations, and as a testbed for intra-regional operations, which is the next step for AAM operations.”

A key difference between Asia Pacific and North America is the prevalence of private airport infrastructure and helicopters. Use of helicopters is not as widespread in Asia-Pacific countries as it is in the U.S., or in Europe. Lim remarked, “There are challenges around finding suitable locations for infrastructure, [such as] to house vertiports. The ideal scenario is placing vertiports on the rooftops of skyscrapers in a city, but it’s not always that simple: Is the rooftop of that building suited for vertiport operations, for example?” There is a need to find suitable locations and then build the necessary infrastructure.

“From a regulatory standpoint,” Lim said, “Asia Pacific as a whole is a relatively diversified region with many different countries, regulators with different viewpoints, and communities with varying acceptance of AAM and eVTOLs. For any operator looking at cross-border operations, this is one of the unique challenges they will have to navigate.”

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FAA’s Latest 5G Airworthiness Directive Revises Landing Requirements for Most 737s

The FAA has issued a new airworthiness directive requiring flight manual changes for thousands of U.S.-registered Boeing 737s, including the 737-800 pictured here. (Boeing)

A new airworthiness directive (AD) published by the Federal Aviation Administration on Wednesday identifies hazardous interference from 5G C-Band wireless broadband operations that could prevent radio altimeters on most Boeing 737s from performing their intended function.

The latest 5G C-Band directive requires operators of all 737s—except for Model 737-200 and -200C series airplanes equipped with a certain flight control system— to revise their airplane flight manual (AFM) to incorporate specific operating procedures for instrument landing system (ILS) approaches, speedbrake deployment, go-arounds, and missed approaches, when in the presence of 5G C-Band interference. FAA officials issued the AD after receiving new data reported by Boeing over the last month, as the aircraft manufacturer has been continuously evaluating and testing the impact of 5G C-band on its aircraft and subsequently issuing updates to customers about their latest findings.

Based on data reported by Boeing, the agency determined that the -200 and -200C series equipped with the SP-77 flight control system are not susceptible to 5G C-Band interference. The AD attributes this exception to the SP-77’s lack of autoland and flare modes, two of the main functions impacted by the interference on the other models that will require an AFM revision under the new directive.

An estimated 2,442 U.S.-registered aircraft are affected by the AD and the AFM revision will cost 737 operators a combined $207,570, according to the directive.

“The FAA determined anomalies due to 5G C-Band interference may affect multiple other airplane systems using radio altimeter data, regardless of the approach type or weather. These anomalies may not be evident until very low altitudes,” FAA notes in the AD. “Impacted systems include, but are not limited to, autopilot flight director system; autothrottle system; flight controls; flight instruments; traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS); ground proximity warning system (GPWS); and configuration warnings.”

Among the effects on the systems identified as those that rely on radio altimeter data, there is a possibility that the autopilot could disconnect during approaches that use ILS or Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) procedures. Data reported to the FAA by Boeing also showed that 737 model autothrottles “may retard to idle prematurely in the flare.” Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and radio altitude-based alerts may also become unavailable due to 5G C-Band interference.

The directive is the latest issued by the AD targeting 737 models, after publishing a directive last month that revised landing requirements on 737 MAX aircraft. Directives have also been issued regarding landing requirements for the Boeing 747-8, 757, 767 and 777.

“The AD does not apply to landings at airports where the FAA determined the aircraft radio altimeters are safe and reliable in the 5G C-band environment,” the FAA said in a Feb. 23 statement. “It also does not apply to airports where 5G isn’t deployed.”

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Iris Automation Receives FAA Approval for Drone Flight Beyond Visual Line of Sight in Nevada

The FAA recently granted approval to Iris Automation for beginning beyond-visual-line-of-sight drone flights in Nevada. (Photo: Iris Automation / The City of Reno Fire Department)

Avionics technology company Iris Automation has been granted approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for flying automated drones beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) in an unpopulated area near the city of Reno, Nevada. The City of Reno was one of nine lead participants that worked with the FAA during the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration Pilot Program, which concluded in Oct. 2020.

The FAA immediately resumed its work in partnership with the City of Reno as part of a new program called BEYOND, building off of the groundwork established during the UAS Integration Pilot Program. Primarily, BEYOND aims to address the challenges associated with UAS integration. The collaboration with Iris Automation serves, in part, to improve rescue response times during the Reno Fire Department’s river rescue operations. The expectation, according to the City of Reno, is that “utilizing UAS will have a significant positive impact on saving the lives of victims and reduce the resources required to conduct these operations.”

FAA approval was awarded to Iris Automation for the company to utilize the Casia X, its advanced detect-and-avoid (DAA) technology, and explore its ability to increase safety in rescue operations. The Casia system is capable of operating onboard an aircraft as well as in a ground-based configuration. According to the announcement from Iris, “onboard sensors like Casia X, combined with carefully designed concepts of operation, provide a cost-effective and scalable solution, enabling high levels of safety.” In coordination with the FAA, Iris has worked to develop its DAA technology to mitigate risks of aircraft collisions and to facilitate integration of unmanned aircraft into the airspace.

Of the 41 water rescues performed by the Reno Fire Department each year, 85% of them occur on the Truckee River downtown, and 10% occur in the dark. Rescue operations in water are already extremely dangerous both for the victims and for the rescue team, but in moving water like a river, the level of danger is even higher. This is where a UAS aircraft could help—enabling the BVLOS capacity for rescue operations means that fewer fire department staff members will be put into dangerous situations, according to the Reno Fire Department. “Drones allow us to launch into flight safely at a moment’s notice, with new and more effective approaches to making our downtown river corridor safer while also saving time and money,” said Reno’s Fire Chief, Dave Cochran. He hopes that this FAA approval for BVLOS drone operations will make it easier for other fire departments and public agencies to incorporate UAS into their operations.

Iris Automation’s Casia X detect-and-avoid technology may increase safety for the Reno Fire Department during search-and-rescue operations. (Photo: Iris)

By participating in the BEYOND program and collaborating with the FAA, the City of Reno engages with a variety of both public and industry stakeholders, and it has the opportunity to establish safety and performance standards for BVLOS operation. “The BEYOND program,” commented Iris CEO Jon Damush, “is an important example of constructive government and industry cooperation, and a testament to the forward-thinking leadership of the City of Reno. We’re thrilled to work side by side with the FAA and our home city, delivering our technology to enhance the daily lives of our community and beyond.”

UAV Navigation and Iris Automation started a partnership in August last year to augment the Casia X system with UAV Navigation’s VECTOR autopilot system and enable advanced DAA operations for autonomous aircraft. The Casia software, which utilizes artificial intelligence and computer vision for BVLOS operations, had recently been improved in performance and flight data uploads. The VECTOR autopilot system adds the ability for aircraft to avoid collisions when remote-control datalinks may be lost.

A few weeks after the partnership with UAV Navigation was announced, Iris entered into an agreement with Swoop Aero in order to create a BVLOS drone navigation system that would be incorporated onto Swoop Aero’s FAA-certified Kite aircraft. Iris’s CEO Jon Damush remarked in the announcement, “Demand for these use cases is highest in regions with stringent air safety standards, and avoiding mid-air collisions is the most important aspect of reducing air-risk.”

The post Iris Automation Receives FAA Approval for Drone Flight Beyond Visual Line of Sight in Nevada appeared first on Aviation Today.

Wisk and City of Long Beach Partner to Study Economic Impact of Advanced Air Mobility

Wisk and the City of Long Beach have joined in a two-year partnership to determine the economic impact of advanced air mobility (AAM) operations in Long Beach and other areas. (Photo: Wisk)

Wisk Aero, an advanced air mobility (AAM) company, just announced a partnership with the Long Beach Economic Partnership to conduct a study on the economic impact of AAM operations in Southern California. Over the next two years, Wisk and the City of Long Beach will coordinate in bringing together local government, business, and community leaders in a working group focused on autonomous flight and the implementation of AAM in Long Beach.

The working group will initiate research into four components of AAM integration, according to Wisk:

Analysis of economic impact and workforce development
Community acceptance and outreach
Integration of autonomous AAM into city transportation plans
Federal and state government funding opportunities

To explore the economic impact of AAM operations, both Wisk and the Long Beach Economic Partnership (LBEP) will support the Cal State Long Beach Office of Economic Research in conducting the study and expect to have results later in 2022. “Autonomous, all-electric AAM represents the next revolution in commercial aviation and promises significant economic benefits with minimal environmental impact,” remarked Randal Hernandez, co-chair of the working group who has served as chair of the Long Beach Economic Partnership and was previously chairman of the City’s Economic Development Commission.

Pictured above is Wisk’s sixth-generation eVTOL aircraft. (Photo: Wisk)

Wisk’s CEO, Gary Gysin, remarked that Long Beach is an ideal choice for integrating electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft due to its location in Los Angeles and the role that the growing aerospace industry has played in Long Beach’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. 2.7% of employment in Long Beach comes from the aerospace industry, and those jobs have increased at least 48% since 2018, according to Seiji Steimetz, the chair of economics at Cal State Long Beach.

Robert Garcia, Mayor of the City of Long Beach, agrees that aerospace innovation is particularly strong there. “We have produced some of the world’s most modern aircraft, are leading in the space economy, and will now be home to new technologies in Advanced Air Mobility,” he said in the press release from Wisk.

Long Beach is an ideal location for integrating advanced air mobility operations, in part because of existing infrastructure such as the Long Beach Airport. (Photo: Wisk)

Last month, Wisk received a $450 million investment from Boeing, intended to assist Wisk in development of its self-piloted eVTOL aircraft in addition to scaling up manufacturing. To date, Wisk has received support in developing its eVTOL and advancing AAM through partnerships with Blade Urban Air Mobility, Kittyhawk, and NASA. Part of Wisk’s goal in advancing AAM is to leverage infrastructure that already exists, such as airports that can be repurposed as vertiports and stations for charging electric aircraft. For Wisk, a key feature of the City of Long Beach is its airport—specifically its accessibility as well as its proximity to lots of industrial space.

The post Wisk and City of Long Beach Partner to Study Economic Impact of Advanced Air Mobility appeared first on Aviation Today.

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